The working state of the tested antenna in antenna measurement can be
either the transmitting state or the receiving state. This can be flexibly
selected based on factors such as the measurement content, measurement
equipment, site conditions, etc. According to the principle of antenna
reciprocity, the results of measuring the parameters of the antenna in two
working states should be consistent.
However, in practical measurements, the reciprocity principle must be
applied under certain conditions.
(1) Antennas must be linear and passive, such as satellite TV receiving
antennas, whose feed source is integrated with the high-frequency head (LNB) and
cannot be used for transmission.
(2) The impedance matching of the transceiver system should be good.
Although there are multiple reflections between the test antenna and the source
antenna, the impact is not severe due to the attenuation of free space
propagation. The impedance matching between the source antenna, feeder, signal
source, and the tested antenna, feeder, and receiver is an important condition
for satisfying the reciprocity principle.
(3) When swapping antennas, there are no active components in the
transmitting and receiving branches, such as power amplifiers, low-noise
amplifiers, mixers, etc.
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